The monthly average extent for August 2021 is 5.75 million square kilometers (2.22 million square miles) (Figure 1a). The book consists of a set of contributed chapters solicited from experts and leaders in the fields of S2S predictability science, numerical modeling, operational forecasting, and developing application sectors. Natural variability in the Southern Ocean and in atmospheric circulation patterns exert a much bigger influence on Antarctic sea ice extent than does climate change. The 2020 date of minimum also changed from September 15 to September 16. Arctic/Antarctic Sea Ice Time Series. Credit: University of BremenHigh-resolution image, Figure 1c. The IMB buoys include a downward-looking acoustic sounder above the ice to obtain snow depth on sea ice, temperature sensors (thermistor string) through the ice, and an upward-looking underwater acoustic sensor to measure the depth of the bottom of the ice. This, along with low values in Arctic . Photo captured by the DMS camera on the first flight of NASA’s Operation Ice Bridge Campaign. A synthesis of scientific sea ice extent projections during Arctic summer, updated monthly during melt season. The Arctic sea ice minimum extent is imminent. As it does in the Arctic, the surface of the ocean around Antarctica freezes over in the winter and melts back each summer. Explore NASA satellite data using interactive maps that show how the Arctic is changing over time. Antarctic sea ice reached its annual maximum on September 28, 2020, when it spanned 18.95 million square kilometers (7.32 million square miles). Arctic, 5(2), pp.66-103. Arctic sea ice extent for September 16, 2021, was 4.72 million square kilometers (1.82 million square miles). The graph above shows Antarctic sea ice extent as of September 1, 2021, along with daily ice extent data for four previous years and the record high year. The amount of multi-year ice (ice that has survived at least one summer melt season), is one of the lowest levels in the ice age record, which began in 1984. These graphs show the total sea ice area along each Northwest Passage route (y axis) by day (x axis) dating back to 1981. The opening paragraph of the report reads: "Sea ice in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica was well . 99 Although the modeling evidence showing that ozone depletion melts Antarctic sea 100 ice is now overwhelming, the possibility that . Sea Ice Index data. Addressing a wide range of fields, including the biosphere, geology and biochemistry, the book offers geographers, climatologists and other Earth scientists a vital resource that is beneficial to an understanding of Antarctica, its history ... The United States has enduring national and strategic interests in the polar regions, including citizens living above the Arctic circle and three year-round scientific stations in the Antarctic. Based on satellite data, extent is the total area where the ice concentration is 15 percent or higher. The new decreases in the Antarctic reverse what had been an overall upward trend in Antarctic sea ice, from 1979 through 2014, to such an extent that, on an annual average basis, the Antarctic sea ice coverage descended to its lowest value in the satellite record in 2017, before rebounding slightly in 2018. This is 1.03 million square kilometers (398,000 square miles) above the record low for the month set in 2012 and 1.45 million square kilometers (560,000 square miles) below the 1981 to 2010 average. Since 1979, the total annual Antarctic sea ice extent has increased about 1 percent per decade. The polar regions are experiencing rapid changes in climate. These changes are causing observable ecological impacts of various types and degrees of severity at all ecosystem levels, including society. In May 2020, another large polynya formed north of Ellesmere Island (Figure 4). By contrast, the loss of reflective snow and ice in high northern latitudes surrounding the Arctic Basin represents a profound change from what was historically normal. Extent was well above average throughout the . The graph above shows Arctic sea ice extent on September 16, 2021, along with several other recent years and the record minimum set in 2012. Extent went from being above the interdecile (ninetieth percentile) range to being below the tenth percentile for most of October. This is equivalent to twice the size of the state of Alaska. Layers of frozen seawater cap the Arctic Ocean. This threshold was chosen because scientists have found that it gives the best approximation of the edge of the ice. Regardless of the ice, there have been icebreaker-supported transits through the passage through the summer. The summertime extent is the twelfth lowest in the satellite record, according to scientists at the National Snow and Ice Data Center and NASA. The gray areas around the median line show the interquartile and interdecile ranges of the data. It was 1.44 million square kilometers (556,000 square miles) greater than the record low of 5.33 million square kilometers (2.06 million square miles) recorded in 2020, and 1.58 million square kilometers (610,000 square miles) below the 1981 to 2010 long-term average. By contrast, the compact, well-defined ice edge along most of the Russian side of the Arctic Ocean indicates that freezing is already underway in this area. You can see this in the maps below, which show Antarctic sea ice extent at the 2020 winter maximum (left) and the 2021 summer minimum (right). About the Indicator. The graph above shows Antarctic sea ice extent as of November 1, 2021, along with daily ice extent data for four previous years and the record low year. This plot shows average sea level pressure in the Arctic in millibars from September 1 to 13, 2021. In particular, the strong sea level pressure gradient between the low and high sea level pressure near the Canadian Arctic Archipelago helped to funnel winds from the south over Baffin Bay, which is still ice-free, northwards towards the central Arctic Ocean (Figure 2c). First-year-ice coverage increased dramatically since last year, jumping from 1.58 million square kilometers (610,000 square miles) to 2.71 million square kilometers (1.05 million square miles). This book will be useful to all researchers in the polar sciences community. This book reviews recent advances in the use of SAR imagery for operational applications and for supporting science investigations of the polar oceans. The 2021 wintertime extent reached on March 21 ties with 2007's as the seventh-smallest extent of winter sea ice in the satellite record, according to scientists at the NASA-supported National Snow and Ice Data Center and NASA. Read their blog ... Icelights: Answers to your burning questions about ice and climate. If not subsequently exceeded, this would represent the second-earliest maximum extent in the satellite record after 2016, in which a maximum extent of . Since then, losses in the areas around the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and the northeastern Ross Sea have reduced the total ice extent, although at this time of year, ice extent can change rapidly up or down as storms play havoc with thin, low concentration ice in the extended ice edge regions. The 1981 to 2010 median is in dark gray. On average, about 40 percent of the Arctic Ocean’s winter ice cover remains at the summer minimum, whereas in the Southern Ocean only about 15 percent does. The orange line shows the 1981 to 2010 average extent for that day. In August 1897 young Belgian commandant Adrien de Gerlache set sail for a three-year expedition aboard the good ship Belgica with dreams of glory. Updated on 26 Feb. 2021. This corresponds to 75,000 square kilometers (29,000 square miles) per year. State of the Cryosphere: Ice Shelves, National Snow and Ice Data Center. Found inside... and Indian Oceans; the cold Antarctic Coastal Current (East Wind Drift) is the southernmost current in the world, ... smaller bergs and iceberg fragments; sea ice (generally 0.5 to 1 m thick) with sometimes dynamic short-term ... Antarctic sea ice extent each September from 1979 through 2021. Arctic sea ice extent—the area where ice concentration is at least 15 percent—reached its apparent annual maximum on March 5, 2020. Just a few years later, the 2017 and 2018 summer minimum were record low. This was 0.28 million sq km above the 1981-2010 average, and the 9th highest extent recorded for this date in the satellite era (the highest was 18.82 million sq km, recorded in 2014). Values within 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 square miles) are considered tied. Accessed April 7, 2020. 23, 2018 — Sea ice in the Arctic grew to its annual maximum extent last week, and joined 2015, 2016 and 2017 as the four lowest maximum extents on record, according to . Scientists from NASA and NOAA reported that this year's ozone hole developed similarly to last year's: A colder than usual Southern Hemisphere winter led to a deep and larger-than-average ozone hole that will likely persist into November or December. Yellows and reds indicate higher than average temperatures; blues and purples indicate lower than average temperatures. Over the past decade, Antarctic sea ice extents have shown great variability, with both record-high winter maximum extents and record-low ones. The 2021 minimum is the twelfth lowest in the nearly 43-year satellite record. Figure 4. The sea ice formation and dissipation processes are complicated and involve many factors and mechanisms, from the basal growth/melting, the frazil ice formation, the snow ice processes to the dynamic process, etc. Yellows and reds indicate higher than average temperatures; blues and purples indicate lower than average temperatures.Credit: NSIDC courtesy NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences Laboratory High-resolution image, Figure 2c. Sea ice extent provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) is available from 1979-2021 for the Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, and Globe. Sea Ice Index data. Following the minimum, there was a 12-day period during which sea ice extent increased at the fastest rate in the four-decade record of sea ice extent for the time of year. Researchers Walt Meier, Ted Scambos, Mark Serreze, and Julienne Stroeve regularly contribute to ASINA, sometimes featuring guest authors, and with support from Kevin Beam, Andy Barrett, Lisa Booker, Michael Brandt, Florence Fetterer, Matt Fisher, Agnieszka Gautier, Marin Klinger, Jonathan Kovarik, Jed Lenetsky, Luis Espinosa Lopez, Audrey Payne, Bruce Raup, Matt Savoie, Trey Stafford, Bruce Wallin, and Ann Windnagel. Antarctic sea ice extent are characterized by fairly large variations from year to year. (In the Arctic, multiyear ice that survives at least one summer is generally 3 to 4 meters thick, and even seasonal ice that formed since the previous summer can often reach about 2 meters in thickness.) Yellows and reds indicate higher than average temperatures; blues and purples indicate lower than average temperatures. The 1981 to 2010 median is in dark gray. These images, created from GRACE and GRACE-FO data, show changes in Antarctic ice mass . 2021. The last 15 years are the lowest 15 sea ice extents in the satellite record. Credit: National Snow and Ice Data CenterHigh-resolution image. JAXA ARCTIC SEA ICE EXTENT: 12,680,523 KM2 as at 10-Jan-2021. Monthly October ice extent for 1979 to 2021 shows a decline of 9.8 percent per decade.Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center High-resolution image. In this animation we see the Antarctic sea ice expansion from March, 21, 2014 through September 19, 2014, the date on which the sea ice reached its maximum annual extent. Current Antarctic sea ice extent. The sea ice cover of the Southern Ocean reached its yearly maximum extent on Oct. 6. A collaborative network of scientists and stakeholders to advance research on sea ice prediction and communicate sea ice knowledge and tools. As usual there was regional variation in the anomaly; areas of higher-than average extent included . The large iceberg labeled “Arctic ‘ice Island'” is about 10 kilometers by 8 kilometers in size. Accessed April 7, 2020. As of early to mid-September, the northern deep-water route is choked with ice and will not open this year; ice conditions are quite severe compared to the past couple of decades. Average monthly air temperatures were well below freezing across much of the Arctic Ocean in October, the exceptions being along the coastal regions of the Barents Sea and across the North Atlantic region. The 2021 Antarctic ozone hole reached its maximum area on October 7 and ranks as the 13th largest since 1979. The Arctic Climate System provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the subject for researchers and advanced students in a wide range of disciplines. Read more ... On September 16, Arctic sea ice likely reached its annual minimum extent of 4.72 million square kilometers (1.82 million square miles). By contrast, there is much less ice in the southern route, approximately 30,000 square kilometers (11,600 square miles). In 2019, both the minimum and maximum extents fell below the 1981–2010 average, but neither was a record low for that time of year. The Antarctic is a continent surrounded by a vast ocean. According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center’s Sea Ice Index, as of early April 2020, Antarctic sea ice showed a slightly positive long-term trend in all months but November, which showed a slightly negative trend. Another region near the northern tip of the Peninsula, in the Weddell Sea, showed strong sea ice declines until 2006, but the ice in that region has rebounded in recent years. The gray areas around the median line show the interquartile and interdecile ranges of the data. Figure 2. Looking for facts and information? The extent of ice in the Arctic recorded in August was the third lowest for any August in more than four decades. The average daily loss was 33,000 square kilometers (12,700 square miles) per day, although by the end of the month the pace of ice loss increased to 51,000 square kilometers (19,700 square miles) per day as areas within the Beaufort and Chukchi Sea started to lose more ice. The Southern Ocean is vast, a fact often underplayed in map projections focused on the Northern Hemisphere. Home | Contact Us Nevertheless, air temperatures at the 925 hPa level (about 2,500 feet above the surface) were above the 1981 to 2010 average, up to 8 degrees Celsius (14 degrees Fahrenheit) above average north of Greenland and the Canadian Archipelago (Figure 2b). This ranked eighth lowest in the long-term satellite data record, tied with 2017. Feature | April 2, 2021 Dry Ice: How Expanding Antarctic Sea Ice is Drying the Atmosphere Over the Southern Ocean In this photo taken during a NASA IceBridge science flight off of the coast of Antarctica in fall of 2018, dry and cold winds blowing off the iceshelf over an opening in the sea ice (top of figure) cause evaporation from the ocean surface into the atmosphere, where low clouds form. The convention is that any cell within the sea ice concentration grids that is above 15% is classed as ice covered and therefore is counted towards the sea ice extent calculation. The top graph shows the northern route and the bottom graph shows the southern route. The graph above shows Arctic sea ice extent as of September 1, 2021, along with daily ice extent data for four previous years and the record low year. With the exception of last winter, when sea ice reached just 15.047 million square kilometers (5.8 million square miles), sea ice extent in March 2021 was significantly above recent warm years . Antarctic sea ice usually reaches its annual maximum extent in mid- to late September, and reaches its annual minimum in late February or early March. A small area of ice persists in the eastern Kara Sea (Figure 1c). Sea ice in the Arctic appears to have hit its annual maximum extent after growing through the fall and winter. Antarctic sea ice extent for September 15, 2021 was 18.64 million square kilometers (7.20 million square miles). This synthesis book was coordinated within the Pacific Arctic Group, a network of international partners working in the Pacific Arctic. 1952. "The 2021 minimum extent was observed on September 16 at 4.72 million km2 while the mean September ice extent was 4.92 million km2, significantly below the 1981-2010 average," the report said. This year’s minimum set on September 16 was 1.33 million square kilometers (514,000 square miles) above the record minimum extent in the satellite era, which occurred on September 17, 2012 (Figure 2). Photo courtesy NASA Earth Observatory. The 1981 to 2010 median is in dark gray. The Arctic in the Anthropocene reviews research questions previously identified by Arctic researchers, and then highlights the new questions that have emerged in the wake of and expectation of further rapid Arctic change, as well as new ... 2021 is shown in blue, 2020 in green, 2019 in orange, 2018 in brown, 2017 in magenta, and 2012 in dashed brown. The pace of ice loss for the month was much slower than in recent years but still near the average pace for the reference period of 1981 to 2010, leading to the tenth lowest August of the satellite data record. Figure 6. Because so little Antarctic ice persists through the summer, the majority of Antarctica’s sea ice is only one winter old at most. Since September 2016, Antarctic sea ice extents have mostly fallen well below the 1981–2010 average, and even below the long-term range of variability for nearly every month. Antarctica is surrounded by ocean, not a land surface that is losing its reflective snow and ice cover in the spring and summer. More people are now visiting the continent and its surrounding oceans . The sea ice extent has been quickly growing, and by the end of October, ice covered most of the Arctic Ocean. The maximum for Antarctic sea ice typically occurs in late September or early October. Yellows indicate sea ice concentration of 75 percent; dark purples indicate sea ice concentration of 100 percent. Unlike the Arctic, the Antarctic typically holds on to very little sea ice in the summer. Credit: Planet, and Chris Shuman High-resolution image. NASA Finds 2021 Arctic Summer Sea Ice 12th-Lowest on Record. Ice and (especially) snow are highly reflective, bouncing much of the Sun’s energy back into space. Weather exerts a greater influence on the Arctic minimum, and the Antarctic maximum. Antarctic sea ice concentration for September 2020 and February 2021, with the median extent for each month (1981-2010) outlined in yellow. Sea ice forms over the North Pole itself—the hemisphere’s coldest latitudes—but its expansion is checked by Eurasia, North America, and Greenland. The decrease in sea ice coverage for the . Map images and sea ice data courtesy of the National Snow and . September was chosen to specifically highlight the change in the Arctic minimum sea ice extent through time. Antarctica is perpetually surrounded by a ring of sea ice in the Southern Ocean, but the amount of ice changes with the seasons. Accessed April 10, 2019. Shows and describes wildlife found in the Polar regions, looks at Inuit clothing and artifacts, and depicts the equipment used by Polar explorers. General public and data users: Warmer conditions on land affect the nearby ocean, and more sea ice melts as a result. The maps below show the extent of sea ice in the Southern Hemisphere around Antarctica. Contact NSIDC User Services or call +1 303.492.6199 Changing winds or late-season melt could still reduce the Arctic ice extent, as happened in 2005 and 2010. Arctic sea ice extent on 14th June 2021 was the 5th lowest on record for the time of year. by British Antarctic Survey. Read their blog ... Icelights: Answers to your burning questions about ice and climate. Surveys atmospheric, oceanic and cryospheric processes, present and past conditions, and changes in polar environments. This recent shift does not necessarily signify a change in the long-term trend. Most of this is located on Somerset and Prince of Wales Islands. In fact, the average summertime sea ice extent in the Laptev Sea observed new record lows in both 2020 and 2021." Overall, the rate of Arctic sea ice decline in April was variable — and even increased slightly over 14-19 Real-time data are provided, but are subject to errors. Intact sea ice in front of an ice shelf buffers the shelf from ocean swells. Salt levels in an ice core drilled at the South Pole are telling scientists what Antarctic sea ice conditions were like in ages past, information crucial to understanding how the southernmost continent will fare in a changing climate. And in fact, there was even a winter transit in January through February. May 2021 Arctic sea ice extent was somewhat below average but above the long-term trend. The 1981 to 2010 average is in dark grey, and the surrounding shaded area shows the two standard deviation range of the data. Ice shelves—thick slabs of floating ice attached to coastlines and usually fed by glaciers—fringe the frozen continent. The summertime extent is the 12th-lowest in the satellite record, according to scientists at the NASA -supported National Snow and Ice Data Center and NASA. It melts just as dramatically each summer, reaching its minimum in September. In this latest oceanology volume of the Antarctic Research Series, polar scientists describe and model air-sea and ice-ocean interactions, the formation and chemistry of deep and bottom waters, regional circulations, tidal heights and ... The loss of ice since 1979 in August is equivalent to about twice the size of the state of Alaska. Science & information for a climate-smart nation, By  Arctic sea ice extent for September 15, 2021 was 4.73 million square kilometers (1.83 million square miles). In this book, chapters received from various authors are placed in three sub- sections - Causes of Global Warming, Impacts / Threats / Consequences of Global Warming and Remedies to the Global Warming. Since satellite-based measurements began in the late 1970s, Antarctic sea ice extent has shown high year-to-year variability. Figure 1a. Sea ice surrounding Antarctica reached a new record high extent this year, covering more of the . This was caused by a rapid refreezing of the western Amundsen Sea and eastern Ross Sea areas. Antarctic sea ice extent on 11th August 2021 was 17.84 million sq km (Figure 6). On Thin Ice:Expedition to a Crumbling Ice Shelf. Antarctic sea ice is nearing its seasonal maximum, and the monthly mean extent for August was the fifth highest in the satellite record. Contact NSIDC User Services or call +1 303.492.6199 While percentagewise, the overall long-term trend is largest in September, the actual amount (based on the linear trend) of ice lost per year is larger in October: 82,100 square kilometers (31,700 square miles) versus 81,200 square kilometers (31,400 square miles) in September. About the dataCredit: National Snow and Ice Data CenterHigh-resolution image. Whereas Arctic sea ice mostly sits in the middle of land-locked ocean—which is more sensitive to sunlight and warming air—Antarctic sea . However, during the polynya formation events, winds helped to push the ice away from the shores, leaving open water for several days. It was the 11 th-lowest maximum in the 42-year satellite record. Current Antarctic sea ice extent. New buoys are regularly deployed to replace those that have ceased operation or have drifted out of the Arctic Ocean into the Atlantic. At this time of year, any remaining sea ice loss is primarily driven by melt from heat absorbed in the ocean mixed layer. Sea ice surrounding Antarctica reached a new record high extent this year, covering more of the southern oceans than it has since scientists began a long-term satellite record to map sea ice extent in the late 1970s. Credit: NSIDC courtesy NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory Physical Sciences LaboratoryHigh-resolution image. IceNet figure. Antarctic sea ice extent on 11 th July 2021 was 15.82 million sq km (Figure 6). Figure 1. According to the June, 2021 report recently released by the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC), it is revealed that the ice locked at Earth's poles is actually GROWING. The graph above shows Arctic sea ice extent as of November 1, 2021, along with daily ice extent data for four previous years and the record low year. As a result, Antarctic sea ice is relatively thin, often 1 meter (about 3 feet) or less. Polar Opposites: the Arctic and Antarctic, Graphing the Extent of Sea Ice in the Arctic and Antarctic, Annual Arctic Sea Ice Minimum 1979-2015 with Area Graph. . April 1, 2021. Antarctica is colder than the Arctic, but it’s still losing ice. The extent of sea ice in the Arctic region plunged to record lows in July 2020. This image pair shows the average Antarctic sea ice extent for September 2020 (left) and February 2021 (right), the months of ice maximum and minimum around the continent. The 1981 to 2010 median is in dark gray. This plot shows the departure from average sea level pressure in the Arctic at the 925 hPa level, in degrees Celsius, for October 2021. Data from the Canadian Ice Service compiled by colleague Steve Howell of Environment and Climate Change Canada allows for a closer look at sea ice conditions in the Northwest Passage. Sea Ice Index data. These images from Planet image data show the break-up of the Milne Ice Shelf located in northern Ellesmere Island; the large pieces seen in the 31 July image are now drifting in the Beaufort, and are much thicker than multi-year sea ice. © 2019, National Snow and Ice Data Center :: Advancing knowledge of Earth's frozen regions, Exchange for Local Observations and Knowledge of the Arctic (ELOKA), NASA Distributed Active Archive Center at NSIDC (NSIDC DAAC), All About Arctic Climatology & Meteorology, Sea Ice Index (Passive microwave satellite data), MASIE (Daily sea ice extent, multi-source). Please note that this is a preliminary announcement. Accessed April 7, 2020. Whether the increase was a sign of meaningful change is uncertain because ice extents vary considerably from year to year around Antarctica. Ice, the magic crystal -- A brief history of ice on planet Earth -- The modern cycle of ice ages -- The greenhouse effect -- Sea ice meltback begins -- The future of Arctic sea ice the death spiral -- The accelerating effects of Arctic ... Figure 2a. We are now at a point of transition in sea ice studies; we are concerned less about ice itself and more about its role in the climate system. This change in emphasis has been the prime stimulus for this book. 2021 is shown in blue, 2020 in green, 2019 in orange, 2018 in brown, 2017 in magenta, and 2014 in dashed brown. manuscript submitted to Geophysical Research Letters of Antarctic sea ice in models subjected to impulsive ozone forcing: all1 those models 96 97 showed a continuous melting of sea ice following the impulsive ozone forcing (see Fig. Antarctica’s sea ice is highly variable. A still image visualizing Arctic sea ice on Sept. 16, 2021, when the ice appeared to reach its yearly minimum extent. In both hemispheres, polar sea ice extent is more variable around the time of the winter maximum than it is during other seasons. About the data Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center High-resolution image The August 2021 Antarctic sea ice extent of 18.13 million square km (7.0 million square miles) was 410,000 square km (160,000 square miles) above average. Sea ice in the Arctic appears to have hit its annual minimum extent on September 16, after waning in the 2021 spring and summer. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report on climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability for researchers, students, policymakers. Sea ice extent is defined as the area of ocean where at least 15 percent of the surface is frozen. Maps of Antarctic sea ice extent at the most recent winter maximum on 28 September 2020 (left) and summer minimum on 21 February 2021 (right). A collaborative network of scientists and stakeholders to advance research on sea ice prediction and communicate sea ice knowledge and tools. The monthly average extent for October 2021 was 6.77 million square kilometers (2.61 million square miles). <p><p>The AMSR-E instrument on the Aqua satellite acquires high resolution measurements of the 89 GHz brightness . On September 16, Arctic sea ice likely reached its annual minimum extent of 4.72 million square kilometers (1.82 million square miles). Compared to median conditions from 1981-2010 (yellow line), the most recent maximum was slightly below average. Based on satellite data, extent is the total area where the ice concentration is 15 percent or higher. Map by NOAA Climate.gov, based on satellite data provided by National Snow and Ice Data Center. The contribution of different factors to the sea ice extent among different models over the Antarctic region has not been systematically evaluated. Sea Ice Index data. As Northern Hemisphere spring and summer snow cover declines, the underlying land surface absorbs more energy and warms.

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