In addition, the grid shields the cathode from Miller-effect capacitance, which results in a vastly improved high-frequency bandwidth. No one had foreseen the event, as its cause was invisible.... Jensen Tube Circuit Aikido Cathode-coupled amplifier The added cathode resistor further linearizes the cathode follower and buffers it from excessive capacitance. Where most of the increased PCB space went to is the lager heatsinks. But then it is not going to be one of those letters that heartily slaps you on the back for trashing a group of spoiled snobs with more money than sense. A. Here is the naked topology, sans grid-stopper resistors and part values.... power amplifier design If you run a square-wave or a tone burst through a 1st-order crossover, then a square-wave or a tone burst comes out, due to the crossover's phase-flat output. This amplifier's name is a bit of a joke, but the underlining design is sound. Music Recommendation: What I find amazing is not that vinyl persists, even twenty years after the introduction of the CD ("perfect sound forever"), but rather that it ever became popular in the first place. The PNP-based differential amplifier is B+ referenced at its input, but ground referenced at its output. I expected huge crowds, long waits at the elevator, thumping but soggy bass notes and blaring highs, clueless sales reps, and music tracks found only in audiophile music collections: the usual stereo show, in other words.      11 Mar 2018. If you are new to balanced audio, check out my post 182 and post 356 and post 357, all of which give good overviews. More Crossovers Merlin Blencowe, the Valve-Wizard himself, recommends that we next look into tube-based equalizer circuits. I ran out of time when writing my last blog entry, as I had much more to cover on the circuit I called the Broskie Buffer. The amplifier uses an input transformer to isolate and split the phase; six tubes to provide voltage gain and two N-channel power MOSFETs to deliver high output current; and no coupling capacitors.        11 Apr 2006, Hybrid Aikido Amplifiers Remember, half of the cost of producing high-end equipment must be in cosmetics. The important take away was that this gain structure had more than one application.... Current-Output Single-Ended Output Stage In general, it is never a good idea to make to great current demands on this negative rail, as it is created by half-wave rectification, which induces an unbalanced current draw in the transformer's secondary.... If I could keep only few books about tube electronics, this would certainly be one of my choices. Long ago, I created a dish that entailed a joke. I sold many PCBs and kits and I have gotten great comments from users. I believe that it was James Joyce who high-jacked the word from Christian theology and it now flourishes in the artistic and scientific spheres.... Single-Ended Output Stage with CCS Mojo Mar 22 2010. Imagine a single 300B that could put out 200W, which will give you a good idea of what an ideal super-triode amplifier might be like.... DHT Super-Triode Sans CCS Alan Dower Blumlein’s garter circuit appeared here before, in blog 46. The magazines are from the late 1950s and early 1960s and splendid to behold. Aikido Grounded-Cathode Amplifier For example, the popular IRFP260 power MOSFET can pass 10A with only 1V from its source to its drain. I have mentioned here my best Christmas tree ever, which used 22 tubes as lights and was adorned with large film capacitors and other big electronic devices as ornaments. Once again, the Cathode-Coupled Amplifier The simplest shunt regulator uses a string of zeners to set the fixed positive and negative power supply rails... Tube-Based Bipolar Shunt Regulators That leaves an Aikido-based tube headphone amplifier. At the same time, I was reading about the SRPP topology, which was taking off in Japan... Aikido SRCFPP Tetra Phono Preamp The white paper at Cambridge Audio's website reveals the important details, including that Douglass Self, whom I much admire, now works for Cambridge Audio and that the XD™ project took two years to come to fruition. Square-waves burn out tweeters and scratch the soul. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Because the topic of impedance-multiplier circuits is virtually unknown to most solder slingers, I feel compelled to chart out more unmapped territory. It had suddenly hit him—no, it was nothing as mundane as a 30-yearold's realization that he, too, was mortal, or that the world was not as peaceful a place as he had supposed. While searching for something else, I found on my hard-drive an interesting patent, which I have no memory of The new PCB is 6in by 5in and, like all GlassWare PCBs, is crazy overbuilt, with extra thick double-sided PCB material and heavy 2-ounce copper traces. Found inside – Page 8Price $ 1.50 . Postage 10 cts . The Telescope , by Louis Bell . Illustrated Price $ 300 . Postage 20 cts . ... A comet of the 11th magnitude was observed at the Hamburg ( Germany ) Observatory , on Mar. 23. It was midway between Leo and ... Practical Different-Differential Circuits Power Cords By the way, the Golden State got its nickname not from the gold found there a hundred years ago, but for the burnt gold color of the grassy mountains in the hot summer drought... Higher-Voltage Feedforward-Shunt Regulator At the risk of either embarrassing myself or losing my audiophile credential card, I must admit that I knew nothing about his design. Phono preamps and microphone preamplifiers immediately come to mind, but there other needs for high gain. I just re-read his essay, "Contemporary Poetry Criticism," which appeared in the July 21 1941 issue of The New Republic. Battery-Powered Adjustable Constant-Current Source What if you wish to use 4-ohm drivers with 8-ohm drivers? I should have stopped at that last tube circuit, but I couldn't stop myself from going on to an SRCFPP Circlotron. OpAmps can be configured in either the non-inverting and the inverting arrangement, depending on need. Electrostatic headphones Amplifiers (part 1),  Book Review: Audio Reality, October 1999 02 Jan 2018. Returning to the topic of moving-coil pre-preamplifiers, an autoformer could be used as step-up inductive circuit. How did it turn out? First of all, the LR crossover alignment only applies to even-order crossovers; thus, there are no 1st or 3rd order LR crossovers. Think of being like a vending machine that only accepts valid bills and coins, while returning counterfeit money.        25 Feb 2009. I expected magic, and I thought I was hearing magic—at first... Two-Triode Aikido If you have priced an audio autoformer, you probably have been shocked by the high prices. On the other hand, "Series Reflexive Cathode Follower Push Pull" is a mouthful.    02 Jul 2017. I like sneaky. Even More MC Pre-Preamps 22 May 2018. Having just gone through all the work of building the 12SX7-based headphone amplifier and having just written all I've written, I must confess, that the Octal All-in-One LSA/HPA would work much, much better as a line-stage amplifier. Ideally, no negative feedback loop would be required, but one could be added without too much extra labor.... Solid-State Transmogrification I think we are ready now, as the circuit probably seems familiar, no longer alien.... More DHT Heating Found inside – Page 254BRAITHWAITE , Price Astronomical Telescopes . -- Best quality 5in . 16 , Hamburg - street , London Fields . e quatorial , by T. Cooke and Sons , large silver circles , driving clock , One Shilling Only . prismatic illumination ...     18 Oct 2009. Of course, it actually has a much wider application, such as a push-pull amplifier's output tube and possibly as a headphone amplifier tube or super-buffed line stage tube... I know that most audiophiles (and far too many audio DIYers) just want stuff, new shiny, plastic-film wrapped stuff—stuff not knowledge nor understanding. Clipping sucks. It's time for a tune-up post, where we go over in finer detail the principles behind differentially amplifying an unbalanced input signal... Differential-Bridge Power Amplifiers I don't know how I did, but I did. My circuit was published in issue 1/98 of Glass Audio , see copy of the original article on my homepage under ARTICLES (www.borbelyaudio.com) Nothing is wrong copying my circuits for private use, but it is illegal/unethical to produce/sell somebody else's design. Me: Okay, how do you know whether you don't actually like solid-state electrostatic headphone amplifiers or electrostatic headphones or both?.. At idle, with no signal applied, the diaphragm is equally attracted to each stator, which we could call pull-pull operation. The BM-1 is a new stepped attenuator that I have designed. The board is slightly longer now and it now holds dual output capacitors. It was quite a ride, although far too short. The Swinish H1N1 Flu An output of 8Vpk into an 8-ohm load results in 4 watts of power, as does 11.3Vpk into 16 ohms, as does 5.66Vpk into 4 ohms. I’ve been asked to provide some reference works on the cathode-follower output stage. Complaints About The idea behind a floating amplifier is that its power-supply rails track its output voltage swings. RIAA Preamps Part I I was right on both counts. Could it be used... E-mail from Erno Borbely This headphone amplifier belongs to the SRPP² category, as it consists of cascading SRPP stages... TCJ Remake of RCA Phono Stage I screwed up. I wasn't. For example, only in a push-pull class-A amplifier, which is astoundingly rare in spite of what glossy ads proclaim, do its output tubes see a constant load impedance; otherwise, the load impedance varies depending on whether both tubes are turned on or one is cutoff.... Push-pull Cathode-Follower Output Stage Bipole Electrostatic Speaker In my quest for tube-related clipart in old electronics magazines, I found the following interesting article by the great Norman Crowhurst in an audiocraft magazine, October issue from 1956. Which tube front end? After listening to my latest Aikido push-pull headphone amplifier, I noted that the sound took on what I deemed electrostatic delicacy, as micro details surfaced that I had never heard from my Sennheiser HD650 headphones before. In addition, it allows us to run lower B+ voltages and to use a lower secondary impedance... Negative-Grid Push-pull hybrid Output stage A mix of old and new PCBs is coming. I still think that, although the once ubiquitous stereo stores have long since closed. Unbelievable, just unbelievable! The result is that 66 attenuation settings are possible.   New Aikido All-in-One PCB Born in 1956, I cannot be expected to remember much of the 1950s proper. As I wrote my explanation of the Tringlotron in my last blog entry, I knew that it would provoke much head scratching.... Rk-Based Tringlotron The attenuator is a hybrid design that uses both series and ladder attenuators and three rotary switches to yield 36 positions of attenuation in -2dB decrements. A constant-current source, can be made easily and work well with only a few volts across them, yet yield the same results as an infinitely large pate resistor... Current-Mirror-Based Push-Pull Buffer First, I believe that I rather jumped the gun last time by revealing the I-to-V Moskido amplifier, as that design was a push-pull type and I should have begun with only single-ended MOSFET-based designs, so let me backtrack a bit. The following schematic certainly seems Circlotron-esque, with the floating power supply on the left and two output tubes, but it is a closer relative to the Futterman OTL. The Subaru EJ204 was a 2.0-litre horizontally-opposed (or 'boxer') four-cylinder petrol engine with double overhead camshafts. with Tube Rectifier OTL for 50-Ohm Loads I have a major new revision of the old Aikido stereo noval PCB, Rev. Or we can use two triodes in a cascode topology... Virtual-Ground Power Supply and SE The Aikido PH-1 returns—and yes, it has been a long, long time. & a Letter to the Editor of Electronic Products Since, I have already shown the Aikido treatment applied tot he Loftin-White topology, we might as well delve more deeply into the topic of a low-noise Loftin-White amplifier. Power Boosters Well, my fear was unfounded, as the albums holds some interesting jazz music.... The idea behind these amplifiers was that the Aikido circuit could provide clean gain and that the power MOSFETs, configured in single-ended output stages, could provide the needed heavy current swings... Fortunately, negative-grid bias is often easier to implement, assuming a negative-bias tap is available on the power transformer’s secondary.... Constant-power Unity-Gain Power Buffer 2 This would waste some heat but allow a smaller bypass cap also." Long ago, John Atwood inspired me building a power-supply tickler or poker. 31 Jul 2020. Even if you are afloat in a hot-air balloon or orbiting the earth in the space station or deep under water in a submarine or, indeed, actually floating on the ocean's surface in a boat—the power supplies within your radio, iPod, cell phone, and stereo system are all fixed, i.e. I do not want this post to be entirely tube-free, so here is circuit that is somewhat related to rail splitting. First of al, I am not a phone person, although I love my new Sony Experia XA2 Ultra, as it sounds good; put differently, it sounds at least ten times better than my previous phone and I can now listen to Tidal through it. This chubby heatsink boasts a thermal resistance of only 3.7, based on a 75°C rise in natural convection.... For us tube-loving folk, however, one big problem presents itself when dealing with OpAmps in a tube projects: their low maximum power-supply voltage limits, seldom more than 36Vdc from negative power-supply pin to positive pin...   We can put extra signal gain to work by adding a negative feedback loop, which will lower the gain and output impedance and distortion.... Music Recommendation: Female Singers Here is the textbook version, which will not do us much good, as we want to use use the Linkwitz-Riley 2nd-order alignment that sums to flat at the crossover frequencies.... Third-Order Series Crossover     30 Nov 2020. It is time to review good ideas from past posts that I believe deserve a second look, a good hard look. Push-Pull Amplifiers (part 2), Tube Voltage Regulators (part 3), Balanced Phono Stage, Tube Shunt Regulators, June 1999 I have been writing about the Google Chromecast Audio disk (puck) and tube circuits for weeks now. Back in 2005, after my trip to the CES, I wrote about the the modern obsession with blue LEDs. Just about any of his albums will deliver several tracks that you will find compelling.... Chapetta's OTL In fact, post 375 did show such a super-triode pairing of triode and pentode in a single-ended transformer-coupled amplifier. We are using US Army pulls RCA 2A3s; should we be using 211s instead? 25 Mar 2017.     18 Jan 2005, Aikido Amplifier Revisited The 6C33 still idles at 500mA, but is aided by an IMC, which stands for Impedance Multiplier Circuit... Bill Gates and Charity Thanks. Here is a simple example. Well, here is a quick counter example.... Found inside – Page 612... FOR OPTICIANS TO THE QUEEN , SALE . — -inch Silvered - Glass Speculum TELESCOPE , Azimuth 416 ... C . HERBERT , English and Foreign Bookseller , 319 , for Sale . ... Edited by W. von FREEDEN M.R. , Hamburg , Alexander Street , 8 . In its simplest form, the Aikido cathode-coupled amplifier consists of two triodes and a handful, a very small handful, of parts. A decade-resistor box design is simple enough: an enclosure houses several 11-position rotary switches and many resistors and two output terminals. This phase splitter not only provides power-supply-noise-free outputs, it offers a solution to the two-triode problem. Found inside – Page 213The instruments at Cambridge Observatory are : A mural circle , 8 feet in diameter , made by Troughton ; price ... At Edinburgh : A mural circle , 4 feet in diameter , made by Simms ; and a transit , made by Repsold , of Hamburg . This makes it a bit awkward for me... Rozenblit's 300B OTL Back in the late 1970s, when I was in college, I owned a pair of Sennheiser HD-414 headphones. How big do the rail voltage need to be? Can this technique be applied to balanced power amplifiers? Then, after I have digested an album with headphones, I can play the music on loudspeakers, my ears knowing what I should be hearing. I have seen triangular PA loudspeakers that were designed for corner use, but no other HiFi speaker. 15 Mar 2017. I have decided to finally release for sale these two PCBs and the PS-8 power supply. Love the music and recording is phenomenal. Power Supply & Heater Regulator          17 Apr 2006, 24-Volt Aikido Amplifier Sadly, this was Svensson's last album prior to his death in a diving accident in 2008....   My goal was to reduce the voltage differential between the input grounded-cathode amplifier's heater and the phase splitter's cathode, while still maintaining an equal and in-phase PSRR from both phase splitter outputs.... Cynosure Paraphase Phase Splitter We saw how a transformer-coupled, single-ended amplifier could attach to an impedance-multiplier circuit (IMC), which would augment the amplifier's output wattage by threefold and reflect the desired load impedance to the single 300B... J. L Hood Class-A Single-Ended Amplifier LOOK, it's a bird, it's a plane, NO IT'S SUPERMAN, no wait, it is a very fuzzy photo of the new Universal Octal PCB and ceramic socket, which includes the black plastic 2in hole trim and four sets of aluminum, hex standoffs and screws and rubber O-rings, but—alas—not the NOS Sylvania 6SN7... Aikido PP LSA/HPA Project I have complied a list of matching plate and cathode resistors for use with common tubes in the Tera's CCDA stages.... Then, the Taylor amplifier was finally able to push the memory forward: the Murray amplifier. Second, the TCJ stepped attenuator now offers many more positions, a total of 66 steps with 1dB resolution, as the center switch now presents 11 positions, rather than the old 6 positions. Long-time reader, Arjun, decided to run some SPICE simulations on a MOSFET-based Triadtron. One stop that I must make at every RMAF is the Schiit table in the CanJam room. Affiliate membership is for researchers based at UCT, elsewhere than in the IDM complex, who seek supplementary membership of the IDM because their research interests align with the general focus and current activity areas of the IDM, for 3-year terms, which are renewable. Sadly, unlike last year, I was not able to attend the event. Triad B+ Transformer ' '' ''' - -- --- ---- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- - … I know that I will never buy another CD Player, but I was surprised to find so many others making the same decision.... CanJam     25 Dec 2017. But we must take baby steps to get there. Now let's say that we built such a hybrid amplifier; we would still face the problem of having to house the amplifier. Those who don't and don't want to do so for an odd reason... Where Are the Damn Audio Gear Previews? Last post showed hybrid front-ends for tube-based push-pull output stages, which can be conventional transformer-coupled designs or the circlotron topology.

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